Film Analysis of Jean-Pierre Jeunet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Film Analysis of Jean-Pierre Jeunet - Essay Example The near investigation of the two motion pictures encourages us to comprehend the details utilized by Jean-Pierre Jeunet in setting up the topics for his films. Postulation Statement: Jean â€Pierre Jeunet utilizes the assistance of definite narrating and uses true to life approaches for the foundation of the subjects in his motion pictures. The true to life approach utilized by him contrasted in different viewpoints as indicated by the subject picked by him. A Very Long Engagement: A Very Long Engagement by Jean-Pierre Jeunet is another ace class made by him. The film depends on French foundation and a magnificent bit of narrating approach was trailed by the executive to set the story on pace. The chief has returned the assistance of blaze to portray a piece of his story and his class of blending the two times falls under an exceptional type (Hurley). Jeunet has been effective in delineating the recollections of the French war by utilizing staggering area and the utilization of lo ng shots through the sloppy fields. The long shots is panned at a quick pace with the assistance of Long cranes which connoted the pace of the fight. The decision of extraordinary area all through France assists with getting a handle on the enthusiasm of the watchers. Areas like Paris, Brittany and Poitiers were utilized in the film (A Very Long Engagementâ (2004)). The fight scenes utilized in the film should be enlivened from the film Saving Private Ryan. Despite the fact that the film is war based, yet Jeunet has been fruitful in delineating an all around created and a fair segment of the story as an adoration epic. The screenplay utilized was ideally adjusted and Jeunet utilized his lord class to join the two and convey an ace class. In the war scenes the utilization of sound has been fundamentally and painstakingly used to give the watchers a crude sentiment of the progressing of a war. The sounds utilized in the arrangement are of high caliber. The chief places the story in c lose to home vision as opposed to attempting to delineate it as a chronicled epic. The utilization of shading pictures from the beginning of the story causes the watchers to land into authenticity or better named as true to life impressionism. Toward the end watchers are left with multi tinted recollections. The camera edges utilized by Jeunet were likewise particularly basic. Wide calculated close ups of Tautou is utilized. The central length and the stature of the camera were painstakingly concentrated to get the best perspective on the shots of Tautou. The chief uses a blend of cold hues in portraying the wartime channels and the warm shading to expound the harmony time. The fundamental hint of shading utilized in the film was that of the shading earthy colored while a fix of greenish earthy colored was utilized in the war field. The shading utilized is monochromatic and spots of different hues are utilized. In the locations of the channel, the face depicting the fighters is mean t to have an unexpected picture in comparison to the remainder of the appearances utilized in the film. The point was to give a markup recognize in the appearances (Cinematic impressionism).The utilization of voice over has been deliberately dealt with in the film and its dynamism in the manner of speaking was fundamentally valued. The sound blend utilized in the film is additionally staggering. The nature of sound is sublime as the downpour drops falling in the layers of the troopers appeared to be practically genuine. The utilization of supplemental material in the film has additionally been firmly dealt with (Schager and Gonzalez). The tones utilized by and large in the film are ridiculous and frequently extends from brilliant to sepia to dark as per the shifted circumstances and the plots utilized in the movi

Full Metal Jacket Essay Example For Students

Introducing the Class of 2013 Merritt 13, Carlos 13, Edward 13, and John 13

Introducing the Class of 2013 Merritt 13, Carlos 13, Edward 13, and John 13 The MIT Class of 2013 has officially arrived! With this day upon us, we conclude the series Introducing the Class of 2013. Merritt 13 Carlos 13 Edward 13 John 13 Scott 13 Cory 13 Edner 13 Jeremy 13 Bee 13 Henrique 13 Chika 13 Qinxuan 13 Trevor 13 Chandler 13 and Taylor 13 Jonte 13 Sean 13 Terence 13 Christy 13 North Cross student going to M.I.T. in the Fall By Jarett Henshaw Published: June 1, 2009 There are components of people and components of the universe that are not directly expressed in the observable properties of the universe, said Merritt Boyd Meet Merritt Boyd, the smartest student at North Cross and maybe even all of Roanoke. So smart in fact, that he got accepted into all nine schools he applied to including Stanford, Harvard, Cornell, and Berkeley. He decided to go to college at M.I.T. in Boston. The culture of the students I think is something that really drew me there, said Boyd. Some say hes a genius. He doesnt think so, but plans on studying astrophysics at M.I.T. had to get him to explain exactly what that is. Astrophysics is basically the large scale structure of the universe. Ive always liked to take the telescope out at night and look at the stars so I think astrophysics would be a lot of fun to study, said Boyd. Boyd says hes looking forward to studying at such a challenging School. I would rather challenge myself than be challenged, said Boyd. Boyds mom says today is bittersweet because shes not looking forward to him leaving Roanoke in the fall. Im very very proud but very sad that hes going to leave. Im worried about whos going to fix our technology problems when he does. Anytime the TV breaks or a computer problems comes up, Merritt fixes it, said Donna Boyd, Merritts mother. Something shell have to figure out in August because Boyd will be seven-hundred miles away, studying things that are a million miles from home. Scholarships lift the weight off hard-working shoulders Carlos Garay: Gates Millennium Scholar Culture shock gives way to passion for learning By Jason Hidalgo June 6, 2009 Just moving to a new apartment can be tough for some folks. But moving to another country? Thats an adjustment on a whole different level. Its a lesson Carlos Garay learned a decade ago when he first arrived in the United States as a 7-year-old from Colombia. At the time, the young Garay wasnt quite ready for the culture shock he would experience, even among fellow Latinos. I did not know English, and the way I spoke Spanish was different from the way Mexicans spoke Spanish, so I was picked on, Garay said. It made me lonely, and I just closed up. In the years that followed, Garay would redirect the loneliness he felt into a passion for education. That passion would ultimately pay off for the 17-year-old Galena High School student, who now finds himself the recipient of a major scholarship while also being accepted to one of the most prestigious schools in the world. Last April, Garay was notified about his selection as a Gates Millennium Scholar, an award funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The scholarship was just the second in a string of good news for Garay, who was also notified by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in December that he had been accepted to the school and qualified for a full financial aid award*. When I started reading On behalf of the Admissions Committee, I thought, Oh great, Im going to be rejected,' Garay said. So when I got to the part that said I was actually accepted, I was like, Hey, wait a minute and read it all over again. I started jumping up and down screaming. With his education now financially secure through graduate school, Garay plans to get a jump start by attending a summer program at MIT. Garay said he will be majoring in mechanical engineering with a minor in material science engineering. I really like being able to apply what I know, and, basically, thats what mechanical engineering is, Garay said. Its not developing some grand theory thats only applicable in the next 100 years. Its about creating things that work very soon and can hopefully help everyone one day. Garay, who currently lives with his mom and 15-year-old brother, said his experience is a testament to the opportunities available in the United States and how anyone can achieve their dreams if they work hard and set their mind to it. Garay said he is especially grateful to his mom for everything she has done for him. I dont think she really understands what MIT is, Garay said. But she was very happy. She didnt go to college and she sacrificed herself completely so I could get to this point. An appreciation for education wasnt the only thing Garay developed during his younger, lonelier days. No longer the recluse he was back then, Garay also learned the importance of having a social support network, which is one of his top priorities once he reaches MIT. Its a lesson that has become even more significant for Garay after hearing stories of promising students in prestigious schools such as MIT and Harvard who crash and burn due to personal issues. Everyone accepted at schools like MIT has the intellectual capacity to succeed, Garay said. But a lot of times, people dont succeed for other reasons. I want to deal with those problems early on so I dont have to deal with them later in life. One way Garay hopes to do well is by being well-adjusted and not putting too much pressure on himself. Garay admits that his drive to be accepted at a good college or university made him too hard on himself sometimes. In high school, I felt I had to be No. 1 all the time, Garay said. Now Im getting used to the idea that even if Im average at MIT, I can be happy with that. Thats actually a big change for me. [Please note: All of MITs financial aid is based on financial need; there are no merit scholarships. Reporters are often confused about this. Matt] Active MTHS Senior Gets Full Scholarship to MIT. * People | Tue, 04/07/2009 By Leslie Truluck Edward Obropta, Jr. and his sister Alanna Joslin at Romp Apparel in Stone Harbor. COURT HOUSE Edward Obropta, Jr., 18, a senior at Middle Township High School, has an extreme schedule. Not only does he manage to earn exceptional grades in advanced placement and honors courses, he is also very active with extra curricular activities and community service all while running his own family business. His efforts have paid off as he recently received a full scholarship* to MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge. Although not certain exactly what he will major in, Obropta enjoys math and would like to build rockets or design planes or something crazy. Obropta plays second singles on the high schools tennis team and has been team captain for the past two years. Class of 2009 has continually voted him class president for all four years of his high school career. During his time representing his class, he helped to initiate a canned-food drive and plan a winter formal dance in which profits were donated to area churches. Involved in several school spirit activities like building homecoming float and prom committee, for the past two years Obropta also listens to students voice concerns as vice president of student council. I dont know how it all adds up but it works. Im always doing something, he said. Ranking number one in a class of 271, he said he received informal notification that he will be class Valedictorian. Among his many academic accolades, Obropta is a member of Future Business Leaders of America, National Honor Society, the school math team and science league and the NJ Envirathon, an event in which high school students compete in eco-friendly exercises. Its like an athletic competition but its about the outdoors, he said. Obropta plays tenor saxophone as a member of the high schools Jazz ensemble, which plays for area nursing homes and Dennisville Middle School. It doesnt happen all at once, he said. Obropta manages to communicate with other student government members throughout the school day, play with the jazz band one night a week and practice tennis three hours everyday. The coolest thing, he said, is Romp Apparel, a store he manages on 96th Street in Stone Harbor with his sister, Alanna Joslin, 28, who is in charge of female clothing while Obropta concentrates on the male side of the store. Their parents, Ann and Edward, Sr., have their own screen-printing and embroidery business, which is all done in-house, literally right from the Obroptas home. Since 2005, when Obropta was only 14-years-old, he has designed the clothing brand, which is focused on a young adult surf and skate demographic with a mini half-pipe right in the store. Its very youth-oriented. We let customers sign their names on the wall when they make a purchase, he said. Its so popular we are running out of space. While the business is open seasonally and responsibilities are shared with his sister, Obropta said he also does a lot of behind the scenes work, like attending fashion conventions in Las Vegas to buy the seasons latest looks. When he is not involved in school and work endeavors, his interests are eclectic, including skim boarding, quad riding, hiking, canoeing and outdoors activities with his family and volunteering at the Cape May Tennis Club. I always like to do a lot of everything. Id get bored doing the same all the time. Working hard and having it pay off feels good, he said. Obropta credits his success to his family being extremely supportive. My parents dont force me to do things, he said. As a matter of fact, he said they occasionally suggest he take it easy. As with designing clothing, Obropta enjoys visualizing things and making them become a reality. When I see it, I can make it happen, he said. Hoggard senior has chance to travel abroad in linguistics, mathematics competitions Hoggard High School: Problem solver Student excels in national linguistics, math competitions Published: Monday, June 1, 2009 at 3:08 p.m. By Carolyn Bowers, StarNews Correspondent John Berman, a senior at Hoggard High School, knows what it is to be molistic. And he also knows how to conjugate the verb shunk. Of course neither of these words appears in any English dictionary because they arent real words. They are clues to solving problems in the North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad, and getting the right answers to problems like these helped Berman place sixth out of more than 1,000 students in the 2009 national competition. The placement has won him the opportunity to represent the United States at the Seventh International Linguistics Olympiad to be held in Poland in late July. Berman said he finds the idea of going to Poland very, very exciting. I cant wait. Recently, the trip got even more exciting when Berman learned he is one of 12 winners of another national competition the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad. This competition required solving six problems in nine hours over two days. This test was the third in a series of increasingly challenging mathematical contests. More than 220,000 students worldwide competed in the first round. Of these, about 10,000 were invited to compete in the American Invitational Mathematics Examination. That contest narrowed the field to 525 who were invited to participate in the prestigious USAMO. On June 8, the 12 USAMO winners will be honored at an awards ceremony in Washington, D.C., after which they will take the team selection test to determine which six of the 12 students will be on the U.S. International Mathematical Olympiad team in Bremen, Germany. If Berman is one of the six, he will first compete in Germany in the Mathematical Olympiad in July and then go on to Poland for the Linguistics Olympiad. While obviously gifted in both disciplines, Berman isnt wavering about his preference. My main interest is math, he said. Im going to MIT to get a Ph.D. in math and teach in college. He already has a good head start, having completed several math courses at the University of North Carolina Wilmington while still in high school. According to his father, David Berman, a computer science professor at UNCW, John has been playing with computer games and puzzles since he was about 6 years old. I would just throw questions or puzzles out for John to think about without any expectations, he said. Play is a lot of the discovery process.

Teaching Vocabulary to Young English Learners - 3602 Words

Teaching English vocabulary to young learners A crucial component of learning a foreign language is the acquisition of vocabulary. For young learners, the very first words that they acquire could lay the profound basis for a better later learning of the children. This study is intended to investigate the specific application of techniques in teaching English vocabulary to young learners. I strived to investigate the current techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners and studied the difficulties that teachers encounter during this process. Oral interviews, questionnaire and observation schemes were used as useful instruments for data collection. The questionnaire-based survey aims to scrutinize teachers’ common†¦show more content†¦Coincidentally, H. Dellar and D. Hocking indicated that progress made from learning grammar most of the time would be much less than that from learning vocabulary. To be short and concise, when comparing the importance of grammar and vocabulary, both mentioned statem ent above show that most of learner’s improvement was created when the learner himself learned more words and expressions. It was also emphasized when it came to communicate that â€Å"you can say very little with grammar, but you can say almost anything with words† (Thornbury , p.13). 2.2. Young learners 2.2.1. Definition The term â€Å"young learners†, according to the author of the book An A-Z of ELT, Thornbury , â€Å"is used to describe children of pre-primary and primary school age, although it is sometimes used to include adolescents as well† (p.250). In the same way, â€Å"young learners† as defined by Sarah Phillips (1993) are â€Å"children of formal schooling (five or six years old) to eleven or twelve years of age.† (p.4). Teaching English to young learners, therefore, has a long history: in many multilingual countries, primary school children are taught English as preparation for secondary school, where it is the medium of instruction. In recent years, there has been a phenomenal increase in the teaching of English to young learners, in EFL context as well as in ESL, and in state schoolShow MoreRelatedTeaching English Vocabulary Through Pictures for Young Learners1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching English Vocabulary through Pictures for Young Learners INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background All languages consist of words. Languages emerge first as words, both historically, and in terms of the way each of us learned our first and any subsequent languages. Vocabulary plays an important role because it appears in every language skills. Mastering vocabulary is very important for the students who learn English as a foreign language. It is because vocabulary is a key to young learners understandingRead MoreThe Problem With English Language Learners801 Words   |  4 Pagesstudying and learning in core areas is lack of content-related vocabulary. We acknowledge that the most challenging situation is with English language learners (ELLs). This is the reason Texas has adopted the English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) to be able to support the ELLs as they learn the required Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). However, on a large scale, we observe that even some of our students who are native English speakers also sometimes struggle academically. This is becaus eRead MoreThe Theoretical Background Of Visual Aids1510 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst section discusses about vocabulary including definitions, its importance in teaching English and some technique in vocabulary teaching. The second section provides an overview of visual aids through three main issues definitions, types, and roles. 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The vast differences in theRead MoreLanguage Acquisition Theories : Behaviorism, Linguistic Nativism, Social Interactionism, And Neurobiological Perspective1580 Words   |  7 Pagescomprehend dialect along with the construction and use of terms and sentences along with non-verbal mannerisms in order to communicate with one another (Christie, J. Enz, B., 2011). This paper will provide specific examples of observations in my teaching practice that is related to language acquisition, along with comparing the specific examples and assessing by the discussion of: how students develop language meaning, current practices promote language learning (acquisition) in effective ways, whatRead MoreTeaching English As A Language959 Words   |  4 PagesTheories abound reporting the most effective method of teaching English as a language, and the two methods that people tend to subscribe to are 1) primarily focus on the technical side of the language or 2) primarily focus on the content. Stephen Krashen believed that â€Å"subconscious acquisition† of a language â€Å"is separate from conscious learning and is superior in the long run,† as H. Douglas Brown paraphrases in Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (289). As one of his hypotheses of language acquisitionRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading783 Words   |  4 Pagescomparing myself to my peers—the non-struggling readers and learners. Yet, today, I realize and understand that everyone learns differently, at his or her pace. In other words, learning is not a â€Å"one-size fits all.† The purpose of this literature review is to briefly summarize three peer reviewed scholarly articles, specifically how the articles taught me how important it is for me to teach with an end goal in mind, especially when it comes to teaching reading to Hispanic and Latino students. Therefore,

Drugs -Tolerance,Dependence,Addiction and Treatment

Drugs -Tolerance,Dependence,Addiction and Treatment. There can be a great deal of confusion surrounding the words addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance. People will use these words as if they are referring to the exact thing, but there is a significant difference between them . Misunderstandings about these terms can not only be confusing for the general public but also many in the medical profession. One of the main culprits blamed for this confusion is the fact that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has chosen to use the word dependency instead of the word addiction and people assume this to mean physical dependency. Drug tolerance is commonly encountered in pharmacology, when a subject s reaction to a†¦show more content†¦Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects. Some medications used to treat pain can be addictive. Addiction is different from physical dependence or tolerance, however. In cases of physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms occur when a substance suddenly is stopped. Tolerance occurs when the initial dose of a substance loses its effectiveness over time. Addiction is a psychological and behavioral response that develops in some people with the use of narcotic pain medicines. People who take a class of drugs called opioids for a long period of time may develop tolerance and even physical dependence. This does not mean, however, that a person is addicted. In general, addiction occurs in only a small percentage of people when narcotics are used under proper medical supervision. 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Freud’s View on Religion Free Essays

string(24) " we can at least react\." Freud maintained interests in the subjects of God and religion throughout his long career. Freud considered the practice of religion and religious rites to be some sort of neurological obsession. Taking the concept from Feuerbach, he also saw religious ideology as a projection of infantile wishes. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud’s View on Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now If religion was a kind of neurosis, it is marked by an unhealthy dissociation between oneself and reality. If religion was a continuation of the childish tendency to project one’s imagination unto reality, it is marked by an abnormal association between one’s fantasies and the objective world. Either way, religion is a sickness that needs to be cured. Freud gave the clearest expression of his views on religion in his book The Future of an Illusion. In order to explore Freud’s conception of religion, we must first clarify certain points. When Freud speaks of religion, he is usually talking about the traditional, fear-based, authoritarian, organized religion. There are other kinds of religion too. For instance, when William James talks about religion in his Varieties of Religious Experience and when Freud talks about religion in his The Future of an Illusion they are referring to wholly different approaches to God. James is talking about mystical experiences, while Freud is indeed talking about infantile beliefs. Unlike James’ profound investigations into sublime spiritual matters, Freud’s observations are more or less commonsensical. Freud’s theories of origins of religion are sometimes criticized for being unscientific speculations, but really there is not much of a need for scientific corroboration of Freud’s views because they are just commonsensical. When one looks objectively at the various religions and religious beliefs in our world, one is bound to reach to conclusions somewhat similar to those of Freud. Freud may have couched his observations in a more scholarly language, but essentially what he is saying is very simple and easily relatable. When he says religious rites are manifestations of obsessive neurosis, he simply means religions are mostly ridiculously lunatic affairs. And when Freud says religions are infantile projections, he means they are simply childish nonsense. It is difficult to come to any other conclusion when we look at the whole phenomenon of organized religion from a rational perspective. Freud mostly has Judeo-Christian tradition in mind when he condemns religion. Though Freud’s observations could be broadly applicable to many other world religions of the past and the present, they would make most direct sense when we keep the Jewish and Christian religions in mind. Freud’s main proposition is that religion is a projection of human longings and desires. But desires and longings for what? — for security of course. The Future of an Illusion and its sequel Civilization and its Discontents are Freud’s reflections on the origins and nature of civilization. Freud talks about religion in the context of civilization. Before the advent of civilization, man lived in wilderness. In our modern times, surrounded by the innumerable comforts of science and technology, i. e. , civilization, we may not be able to properly appreciate the fact, but situations of life posed constant threat and continual hardship for wandering groups of early humans, and this was how we lived for literally hundreds of thousands of years. Civilization is relatively a very recent manifestation. Religion in its rudimentary forms most likely predates civilization by tens of thousands of years. Freud constantly ties up religion with civilization since they essentially serve the same function – provide security against fearsome, elemental forces of nature. â€Å"The principal task of civilization, its actual raison d’etre, is to defend us against nature,† says Freud, and nobody would dispute this assertion. Now, the principal task of religion too is the same, though it approaches this issue of security from a different angle. And while civilization provides real security, religion provides only imaginary one, nothing more than an illusory feeling. Outside the setting of civilization, the basic question before an individual human being as he tried to live his life and cope with his surroundings was: how to survive, how to â€Å"defend himself against the superior powers of nature, of Fate†¦? The first step toward security is what Freud calls, humanization of nature: A great deal is already gained with the first step: the humanization of nature. Impersonal forces and destinies cannot be approached; they remain eternally remote. But if the elements have passions that rage as they do in our own souls, if death itself is not something spontaneous but the violent act of an evil Will, if everywhere in nature there are Beings around us of a kind that we know in our own society, then we ca n breathe freely, can feel at home in the uncanny†¦ This was how the first very primitive religions began, long before the advent of civilization. Say, if civilization began roughly 5 – 6000 years ago, and agriculture began some 10 – 12000 years ago, there is evidence for religious rites to have taken place as far back as 80,000 years or in fact much earlier, going back to the dim beginnings of the species Homo sapiens. Religion was therefore the first effort of man to establish a rapport with nature. The intention was wholly a noble one — to connect with the greater existence — but human minds were understandably extremely primitive so long ago in time, their lifestyle was totally brutish, there was no language either, and so instead of a poetic or philosophical reverence for Nature, men could only develop a routine of arbitrary, superstitious rituals in an effort to appease nature. Knowledge of our evolutionary beginnings was not well-developed in Freud’s time, nevertheless his speculations were based on the intrinsic logic of things and so some of them were neatly corroborated by scientific discoveries that were made much later. Superstitious religious beliefs did not really make man secure, but they at least provided an illusory sense of confidence: We are still defenceless, perhaps, but we are no longer helplessly paralysed; we can at least react. You read "Freud’s View on Religion" in category "Papers" Perhaps, indeed, we are not even defenceless. We can apply the same methods against these violent supermen outside that we employ in our own society; we can try to adjure them, to appease them, to bribe them, and, by so influencing them, we may rob them of a part of their power. Freud says, â€Å"life and the universe must be robbed of their terrors. This was the big project man was on. However, there was no way man could achieve this at a time when he could not even build a primitive shelter for himself and had to live inside the caves. Even in the modern times, with such fantastic advances in science, we are still far from achieving this. The primitive man could only project beings with whom he co uld relate unto the abstract Nature, and achieve some kind of consolation through such an effort. This was not an altogether futile effort; besides consolation, it could also have led to other practical benefits. A replacement like this of natural science by psychology not only provides immediate relief, but also points the way to a further mastering of the situation. † From these very primitive beginnings, religions too went on evolving along with man’s growing awareness of his world. Freud continues with his logically derived conception of the evolution of religion. Freud has nothing against the way primitive religions evolved, because obviously human kind was in its childhood for all that time. Therefore it was only natural. What Freud is against are the present-day monotheistic religions of the world. Monotheism first evolved after a few thousands of years of civilization. Freud’s birth religion, Judaism, was one of the pioneers of monotheism. Although the monotheistic religion was a tremendous leap of abstraction over the primitive pantheistic religions, it was still an evolution of the primitive religions. Religion in whatever form, including the deeper spiritual and mystic modes, is a search for security, as is civilization. Whereas civilization has a valid basis, religion continued to be a purely imaginary enterprise. Civilization is a reflection of intelligence, maturity and capability of man, whereas religion is its exact opposite, although civilization and religion have been going together for so long. With monotheism, religion attained a kind of maturity, but unfortunately all the deep childishness still remained with it, being only thinly concealed. Freud remarks the following about the evolution of religion: And thus a store of ideas is created, born from man’s need to make his helplessness tolerable and built up from the material of memories of the helplessness of his own childhood and the childhood of the human race. This store of childish ideas continued to serve as a basis for the supposedly monotheistic religions too. Religion turned out to be an essentially childish pursuit. The parallels between religious tendencies and child psychology run deep. A very young child lives in a space where reality and dream/imagination constantly merge. In other words, he is not capable of clearly distinguishing between reality and imagination. For him, fairies in the stories he read could be as real as his friends at school. Freudian psychoanalysis traces all the mental complexes of an adult person to his childhood. This is the essential modality of psychoanalysis. The tendency of people to believe in religious doctrines is thus traced back by Freud to the tendency of children to confuse between reality and imagination. One needs this tendency or faculty first to indulge in any kind of mythmaking which is at the core of all religions, whether monotheistic or pantheistic — this capacity to take one’s own and collective mental projections for reality. Once this is in place, a person can go on projecting whatever suits him. A human child is so utterly helpless if he had to live on his own in this enormously complex world, unlike juvenile animals which come more or less ‘prepackaged’. The child’s overwhelming need is security. This security is provided by his parents. The child realizes his total dependence on the parents; consequently, the attachment to the father-figure or the mother-figure has gone very deep in the collective psyche of humanity. Security is very deeply associated with the father figure, especially in Western cultures and the ancient civilizations they evolved from. And although the child grows up into a man, and becomes much more capable and stronger in fending for himself, he still remains weak and helpless in face of many situations of life. The search for security continues, and the need for greater security is ever present. A benevolent and compassionate God watching over human affairs from his heaven – if he existed – would have been the ultimate protection for humans. But even if he does not exist, and no one has ever seen him, it need not present much of a problem because humans possess the faculty of confusing reality with imagination, and can easily make their own gods as well their own God. This faculty was particularly pronounced in people who lived in the early stages of civilization – which corresponded to the intermediate stages of evolution of religion. These men belonging to the ancient cultures of the world created thousands of gods and elaborate mythological stories featuring them — all of them being nothing more than products of their fertile but childish imagination. In the subsequent ages, men became more mature, their rational faculties developed, and they sought to make meaning of their world in a more focused manner, instead of just seeking security and comfort. This development was helped by the fact that enough of security and comfort were present already, therefore a higher need to make sense of his world developed in man. Religious cults continued to emerge and evolve; they were not simply arbitrary mythological stories anymore but contained more coherent narratives that answered philosophical questions and provided a framework of meaning to human existence. These latter day religions were apparently much more sophisticated than most of the primitive religions, nevertheless they were still highly childish and nonsensical. Science is a legitimate way of seeking comfort and security, and philosophy is a legitimate way of seeking meaning of human existence, but religion is a pseudo way of seeking all these three. Religion is like a drug that can provide a false sense of happiness and elation without in any way actually leading to greater happiness and joy. That was way why Freud was so much opposed to the existence of religions, they essentially belonged to a childish, outmoded phase of human evolution, even the apparently more sophisticated ones. Religions are nothing but an illusion. They provide comfort, solace, security, meaning and significance to human life — but they only seem to do so, in reality they only provide fake substitutes for all these. An illusion means an appearance without substance, and it is a very apt word to describe religions. There is nothing wrong in seeking greater meaning and security in our lives, in fact this search is what makes us human, this is a healthy need of human existence. But there is a much more prevalent neurotic version of this need which is easily satisfied by mere appearances and falsities, and which is easily catered for by the religions of the world. Religions are an outcome of neurosis, they are a disease of the human mind, and Freud genuinely hoped that religions could be cured by the spread of psychoanalysis some day in the future. How to cite Freud’s View on Religion, Papers

Divided Societies free essay sample

An examination of culturally divided societies and whether consociational democracy could work in these countries. This paper presents a detailed examination of consociational models and whether they would work in deeply divided societies. The writer explores the models being used in several other places including the Netherlands and Switzerland. The reader is first given a detailed explanation of how such a model operates and what its positive aspects are. Then the writer touches on some of the negative aspects. Finally the entire idea is brought to the door of deeply divided societies and the writer explains whether or not the model can be applied to those divided societies successfully. Every society likes to entertain the belief that they have the truth in the best societal practice. If asked each government will tell the inquirer that their form of government and their societal system is the most well thought out and best system there is. We will write a custom essay sample on Divided Societies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of this may come from the need to believe they are providing the best possible system for those who live within its boundaries, and part of it may be a true belief that it is the best because they are comfortable with its operation. The truth is often somewhere in the middle and the systems could always use some tweaking to make them as perfect as their representatives would have them sound.

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Essay Example

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Paper Students should realize that different organizations place different values on customer waiting time. Ask students to consider different scenarios, from a drive-through restaurant to a doctors office to a registration line in their college or motor vehicle office. It becomes clear that organizations place different values on their customers time (with most colleges and Dams unfortunately placing minimal cost on waiting time). Teaching Suggestion 14. 3: use of Poisson and Exponential Probability Distributions to Describe Arrival and Service Rates. These two distributions are very common in basic models, but students should not take their appropriateness for granted. As a project, ask students to visit a bank or drive-through restaurant ND time arrivals to see if they indeed are Poisson distributed. Note that other distributions (such as exponential, normal, or Erelong) are often more valid. Teaching Suggestion 14. 4: Balking and Reneging Assumptions, Note that most queuing models assume that balking and reneging are not permitted. Since we know they do occur in supermarkets, what can be done? This is one of many places to prepare students for the need for simulation, the topic of the next chapter. Teaching Suggestion 14. 5: use of Queuing Software The Excel KM and KM for Windows queuing software modules are among the easiest models n the program to use since there are so few inputs. Yet students should be reminded of how long it would take to produce the programs in Chapter 14 by hand. Teaching Suggestion 14. 6: Importance Of LLC and Was in Economic Analysis. Although many parameters are computed for a queuing study, the two most important ones are LLC and Was when it comes to an actual cost analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Teaching Suggestion 14. 7: Teaching the New England Foundry Case. Here is a tip for this very teachable case. About half the students who tackle the case forget that time walking to the counter must be noted and that the return time also needs to be added. ALTERNATIVE EXAMPLES Alternative Example 14. 1: A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by one employee. Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people Will arrive at the desk at the rate of 20 per hour. It takes an average of 2 minutes to answer a question. It is assumed that arrivals are Poisson and answer times are exponentially distributed. A. Find the probability that the employee is idle. B. Find the proportion of the time that the employee is busy. C. Find the average number of people receiving and waiting to receive information. D. Find the average number f people waiting in line to get information. E. Find the average time a person seeking information spends at the desk. F. Find the expected time a person spends just waiting in line to have a question answered. ANSWER: a. B. C. L 20/hour 1 0. 6 20 30 20 1 2030 30/hour . 33 33% 2 people q (1 (20)2 1. 33 people ) 3030 20) 1 0. 1 hour 30 20 Wq 20 30130 20) 0. 0667 hours Alternative Example 14. 2: In Alternative Example 14. 1 the information desk employee earns $5/hour. The cost of waiting time, in terms of customer unhappiness with the mall, is 512/hour of time spent waiting in line. Vind the total expected costs over an 8hour day. . The average person waits 0. 0667 hour and there are 160 arrivals per day. So total waiting time (1 10. 67 hours @ $12/hour, implying a waiting cost of $128/day. b. The salary cost is $40/day. C. Total costs are $128 $40 $168/day. 5/12/08 1:01 PM Page 218 CHAPTER 14 WAITING LINE AND QUEUING THEORY MODELS Alternative Example 14. 3: A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by two employees. Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people will arrive at the desk distributed. A. Find the proportion of the time that the employees are idle. B. Find he average number Of people waiting in the system. C. Pin the expected time 3 person spends waiting in the system. ANSWER: (servers). A. P 20/hour, 30/hour, M 2 open channels SOLUTIONS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 14-1. The waiting line problem concerns the question of finding the ideal level of service that an organization should provide. The three components of a queuing system are arrivals, waiting line, and service facility. 14-2, The seven underlying assumptions are: 1. Arrivals are FIFO. 2. There is no balking or reneging. 3. Arrivals are independent. 4 Arrivals are Poisson. 5. Service times are independent. . Service times are negative exponential. 7. Average service rate exceeds average arrival rate, 14-3, The seven operating characteristics are: 1. Average number to customers in the system (L) 2. Average time spent in the system (W) 3, Average number in the queue (LLC) 4. Average time in the queue (Was) 5. Utilization factor ( ) 6. Percent idle time (Pop) 7. Probability there are more than K customers in the system 1 (20 10! Icily 123 911 J 1312 II (6020) J b. / 3012 (1 2012 12 J 20 30 (J 1, 600121 L 3/ 420 23 112 812 912 3 people p 4 144. If the service rate is not greater than the arrival rate, an infinite queue will eventually build up. 4-5. First-in, first-out (FIFO) is often not applicable. Some examples are (I) hospital emergency rooms, (2) an elevator, (3) an airplane trip, (4) a small store where the shopkeeper serves whoever can get his or her attention first, (5) a computer system set to accept priority runs, (6) a college registration system that allows juniors and seniors to register ahead of freshmen and sophomores, (7) a restaurant that may seat a party Of 2 before a party Of 4 even though the latter group arrived earlier, (8) a garage that repairs cars with minor problems before it works on major overhauls. 4-6. Examples Of finite ensuing situations include (1) a firm that has only 3 or 4 machines that need servicing, (2) a small airport at which only 10 or 15 flights land each day, (3) a classroom that seats only 30 students for class, (4) a physician who has a limited number of patients, and (5) a hospital ward with only 20 patients who need care. 14-7. A. Barbershop: usually a single-channel, multiplicities system (if there is more than one barber). Arrivals Waiting line Service customers wanting haircuts seated customers who informally recognize who arrived first among them haircut, style, shampoo, and so forth: it service involves barber, then shampooing, hen manicurist, it becomes a multiphase system 3 her. 80 0. 0375 Alternative Example 14. 4: Three students arrive per minute at a coffee machine that dispenses exactly 4 cups/minute at a constant rate. Describe the operating system parameters. ANSWER: 3/millet 2 4/minute 9 4 3) was 1. 125 people in queue on average 3 0. 375 minutes in the queue waiting alls 1. 254 1. 87 people in the system 1 1 WA _375 4 0. 625 minutes in the system 5/12/08 1:01 PM Page 219 b. Car wash: usually either a single-channel, single-server system, or else a system with each service bay having its own queue. Arrivals Waiting time Service arty cars or trucks cars in one line (or more lines if there are service parallel wash systems); always FIFO either multiphase (if car first vacuumed, then soaped, then sent through automatic cleaner, then dried by hand) or single-phase if all automatic or performed by one person 14-8. The vitiating time cost should be based on time in the queue in situations where the customer does not mind how long it takes to complete service once the service starts. The classic example of this is waiting in line for an amusement park ride. Waiting time cost should be based on the time in the system when the entire time is important to the customer. When a computer or an automobile is taken into the shop to be repaired, the customer is Without use Of the item until the service is finished. In such a situation, the time in the system is the relevant time. 4-9. The use Of Poisson to describe arrivals: a. Cafeteria: probably not. Most people arrive in groups and eat at the same time. B. Barbershop: probably acceptable, especially on a weekend, in which case people arrive at the same rate all day long. C. Hardware store: okay. D. Dentists office: usually not. Patients are most likely scheduled at IS. To 30. Minute intervals and do not arrive randomly. , College class: number of students come in groups at the beginning of class period; very few arrive during the class or very early before class. F. Movie theater: probably not if only one movie is shown (if there are four or more auditoriums each playing a different movie simultaneously, it may be okay). Patrons all tend to arrive in batches S to 20 minutes before a show, c. Laundromat: basically a single-channel, multiplexer, two-phase system. Arrivals Waiting line Service customers with dirty clothes usually first-come, first-served in terms of selecting an available machine first phase consists of washing clothes n washing machines; second-phase is again queuing for the first available drying machine d.

Rhetorical Analysis Essays (1269 words) - Biology, Charles Darwin

Rhetorical Analysis Essays (1269 words) - Biology, Charles Darwin Kennedy Sims @02839811 English March 1 st . 2019 Rhetorical Analysis Biology is a subject that has always intrigued me. It is the major of studies that I took up at Howard University and in some way, it is what I want to use in my everyday life at work. The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin is one of the most prominent books in the biology field. It is biological literature considered to be the foundation for Evolutionary Biology. It introduces the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through the process of natural selection. This book contains scientific evidence to back up his claim and is aimed at the general public and secular individuals as an alternative to what the church believed and as an explanation of the origin of life. Charles Darwin used this book The Origin of Species to express his findings on how life came to be and explain the phenomenon of genetic similarities in different animal types. The book submitted evidence from an expedition in the 1830s and explanation for all his findings as well as names and details about the process. His explanation produced a body of evidence that the diversity of life came by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. In the book, Darwin shares the concept of natural selection or "Survival of the fittest" as putting in his book on page 63 and argues that species are susceptible to change because of natural selection. This theory helps as a basis of knowledge further in the history of biology and as a biology major is something that I have studied at Howard University. The phenomena of natural selection are taught in grade schools as the reasoning of evolutionary change and it is all thanks in part to Charles Darwin and his book. Darwin do es note that he is not the first person to notice an evolutionary change but his way of processing it and his reasoning for why is what makes him different. Darwin did not write his book to be solely for academia and although he is a wildly respected and achieved academic his findings affected the world and he knew that. Knowing this he sets up the book in a very readable way and is very explanatory in what he says. He even goes as far as to give a disclaimer and say " I cannot here give references and authorities for my several statements; and I must trust to the reader reposing some, confidence in my accuracy" as to say that he is just presenting the research that he has found and drawing his conclusion and it is up to the reader whether or not they believe him and want to believe this conclusion based on the evidence presented. This book was wildly accepted as a reasonable explanation for evolution and the process of genetic changes by academics and seculars alike. The early parts of the book explain his theory in detail while the ending part is more of a defense against any critics that could or have to arouse to doubt his th eory. When writing this book, I feel the main purpose of Darwin was education and knowing what really happens on the planet we inhabit. He wanted to spread the knowledge that he had found and wanted to showcase what has happened before and what will essentially happen again. When writing this Darwin faced a lot of criticism and skepticism from people who did not believe what he believed to be so true. The church was a big roadblock in the face of evolution because of their belief system. Darwin's beliefs were labeled as Darwinism and something that should not be believed in or associated with if you were a part of the church. His theory of descent with modification and the belief that people could have evolved from another species goes against everything the church was teaching and therefore to them was incorrect and even blasphemous. He also takes the time to address and inconsistencies that might be in his findings and do not relate with other scientific findings. He goes in depth about the inconsistencies and why they are there and

Political and Social Analysis of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political and Social Analysis of America - Essay Example This took place from the earlier 15th Century. Moreover, the 15th century saw a great increase in African immigrants, who the explorers brought in to America as slaves (Vigdor 184). However, after the end of slave trade, these Africans settled in America to raise the Afro-American race. Immigration to the US still exists even today. Besides, the US also has illegal immigrants. This manuscript will look into these US immigrants, considering the factors and impacts of their immigrants. Factors that Led to the US immigration settlements Various factors led to the immigrants settling in the US. For instance, due to the increase in industrialization, most of the immigrants’ home nations failed to provide them with employment opportunities (Coates 83). Conversely, the US provided these immigrants with better working conditions and increased wages. Consequently, these immigrants had to settle in the US. Additionally, some immigrants settled in America as a result of natural calamitie s. They left their home nations as they escaped from disasters such famine, drought and other adverse weather conditions. For instance, most Irish immigrants to the US came because of the potato famine. Some American government policies also resulted in an upsurge of these immigrants. In the mid 1800, the US government passed a bill that gave the settlers over 150 acres of land. This resulted in an increase in the number of immigrants, since their driving force was the free land on offer. Many immigrants settled in America based on their own free will. However, some former immigrants came to the US through force. For instance, the African American settlers came into America as slaves that provided inexpensive labor and also helped during wars. Moreover, some illegal immigrants settled in America because of political unrest and peace in the US. Nations such as China, Germany, Cuba, and Russia and others faced various forms of political instabilities and their citizens had to move to the US where there were peace and better policies (Vigdor 185). Moreover, the US had enacted regulations that encouraged foreigners into settling in the land, since they were in serious need of both skillful and non-skillful employees to drive their growing economy. Effects of the Immigrations to America Positive Effects Some natives liked the idea of the immigrants settling in the US, citing that they provided cheap labor that steered economic growth (Coates 83). However, others opposed this idea, claiming that the immigrants were the core reasons for their labor problems. As a result, there were positive as well as negative consequences that resulted from the immigrations. Among the positive impacts of these migrations included the cheap and readily available workforce (Coates 84). The immigrants provided inexpensive skilled and unskilled labor, thereby improving the productivity of most companies, resulting from lower production costs. This in turn led to reduction of the prices of goods and services, and thus it improves the lives of both American natives as well as other immigrants. Besides, immigrants have resulted in a significant population increase in America. Despite the fact that an increased population leads to other negative implications, the huge population also comes with its advantages. For instance, the large population provides the US with a steady market for the goods and

Islamic economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic economy - Essay Example Throughout the Muslim nations, the comprehension was nothing was lawful about banks (Thomas 4). The modern setting of Islamic banking began in the 1960s in Egypt; nevertheless, this attempt was unfruitful and limited to certain contemporary setting. There were two events that triggered and spread the development of Islamic economy. The first event was the OPEC oil crisis as it was referred to in the west; however, unlike in the west, quotas and increased oil prices resulted in increased GDP per capita in the oil-producing Islamic nations. This resulted in increase of gross savings, consumption and most significantly demand for a banking system fit with Islamic regulations for devout Muslims. The second trigger was the Islamic revolution in Iran because it inspired the Iranian government to require a banking system that complies with Islamic sharia’a laws (Thomas 55). Recognition of non-western economic thought remedied the prevailing ignorance in the west regarding contributio n of Arab-Muslim thinkers in economics. Islamic economists criticized the assumptions upon which conventional economics based and their policies. Islam emphasizes communal responsibility and harmony of the Muslim nations or Muslim community. Islamic economists associated utilitarian to hedonism, which they considered as a replacement of the moral values. Unlike Marxist approach to remuneration that considers labor as a source of value; Islamic economists identify the legitimacy of rental income together with profits. With inbuilt deepness and breadth of Islamic commercial law, current jurists find realistic and hypothetical jurisprudence upon which to draw solution when confronted with disputes of the contemporary marketplace. The initial few decades of modern Islamic economy was a period of revival and the last decade has been an era of significant innovation. Modern Muslim jurist provide sharia’a-compliant solutions to the expanding spectrum of needs. Toward the end of the 1980s, the situation began to change with Islamic and banking and economy growing beyond the expectations of Islamic economy supporters. Since then, Islamic finance has become a growth industry with several multinational banks and asset management companies taking interest in the development of Islamic economy (Thomas 5). Within the banking and finance industry significant developments began with the significant reason being the progress made by Muslim jurisprudence to, understanding the modern business of commerce and applying sharia’a principles. An additional reason was the development of facilities by sharia’a boards with normal contracts allowing Islamic economies to be at ease with the novel organization. The renewal of Islamic commercial energy led to the development of cooperation and helpful interactions between Muslims and people with different religious backgrounds. Acceptance of sharia’a in Islamic economies does not lead to rejection of tools necess ary for economic analysis; rather, it implies evaluation of economic policy with moral perspective according to religious teachings (Thomas 8). Apart from oil and gas-rich states, many Muslim economies are either low or middle-income developing nations, where often

Traffic Congestion Problems In Colombo City

Traffic Congestion Problems In Colombo City It is a much known fact nowadays that the traffic congestion in Colombo has increased to a level that most of the personnel operating in Colombo city limits get disturbed in their day to day activities. Further it has come to the light that the traffic accidents in Colombo city area also have been increased during the recent past to a considerable amount mainly due to this congestion. Out of the overall number of traffic accidents reported within the country the most numbers are reported from Colombo city limits. Number of lives lost due to these accidents cannot be considered in light whilst minor scale accidents reported stands at large. Unreported numbers of minor scale accidents are not known but would be as double as the number of reported. Difficulties faced by the motorists, pedestrians, traffic police officials and generally the public in Colombo area due to this traffic congestion are very high. The day to day life of the general public such as attending their office duties, attending children to schools, attending other domestic affairs are getting disturbed heavily due to the unforeseen delays they are compelled to experience at roads caused by traffic congestion blocking the smooth vehicle movements in Colombo city. This is generally wastage of innumerous number of man-hours of working people, loosing billions of rupees of income to the Gross National Product. It is a known fact that the highest number of vehicles, comparative to the other cities in Sri Lanka, operating in Colombo city. Reason for the same is Colombo is the main city in Sri Lanka to where large number of people travel daily to do their jobs, send most number of children to the large number of leading schools located within the city. Further the Colombo harbour is situated within the Colombo city limits resulting a large number of vehicle movements for transportation of goods. Most number of star class tourists hotels located in a single city is Colombo resulting large number of vehicle movements in between Bandaranayke International Airport, Katunayaka and Colombo. Generally the main commecial city of Sri Lanka is Colombo and as a result of that almost all the personnel living at wherever the country are compelled to come to Colombo for some reason which increase the vehicle congestion in Colombo city limits. 4. When a large number of vehicles are operating within a limited area in Colombo city, it is obvious that the number of traffic accidents could be at a higher rate comparative to the number of accidents happened in other cities in Sri Lanka. But in this context what is important to be researched is the reasons for those large number of accidents. The amount of vehicle operating in Colombo city would not be a good reason for any of the citizen of this country to be met with a traffic accident and to get injured or to be killed. This being the situation time has come to analyze the causes contributing to the increase of traffic congestion in Colombo city and to come up with viable solutions to address this problem which will in turn be beneficial to the future prospects of Colombo city, as well as the country as a whole. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY AIM 5. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the major causes which contributing to the traffic congestion in Colombo city limits and to come up with feasible measures to create a smooth traffic movement in Colombo city limits as an example for the rest of the cities in the country. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 6. Increase of traffic congestion within the Colombo city limits at a drastic rate within a very short period of time has not only resulted the general public operating in the Colombo city to experience unforeseen difficulties at roads but also to be ended up at sometime with fatalities or losses of lives. The continuance in the increase of rate of traffic congestion in Colombo city would become a major burden for the motorists, pedestrians, traffic police officials and all the communities operating in Colombo city and also will bring negative impacts to the development of Colombo as well as the country unless addressed systematically. This research is to identify the major causes which have contributed for the increase of traffic congestion in Colombo city and to recommend feasible measures to reduce the same. THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 7. Unlawful driving habits of the motorists who do not adhere to the traffic regulations is hypnotized as the main cause for the increase of motor traffic congestion in Colombo. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 8. The scope of the study is to confined to the motorists, pedestrians and traffic police officials operating in Colombo city limits to identify their views and attitudes towards the increased rate of traffic accidents in Colombo. The paper also concentrates much on the statistical records of traffic accidents happened in Colombo during the past decade. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 9. The collection of data and information for this research will be highly based on the views and the perceptions of the motorists, pedestrians, officials of traffic police department and those who have met with road traffic accidents which will be derived through systematical interviews. A questionnaire will be distributed among 50 personnel composed with 25 drivers including heavy vehicle, light vehicle and three wheeler drivers, 10 pedestrians, 10 personnel met with traffic accidents and 5 traffic police officers. Further this research analysis will be highly based on past statistics available on all traffic accidents in Colombo. THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 10. The thesis is structured as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 Methodology. Chapter 3 Increase of vehicle population in Sri Lanka. Chapter 4 Reasons contributing to the traffic congestion in Colombo. Chapter 5 Observations made by the Researcher. Chapter 6 Analysis of data. Chapter 7 Recommendations. Chapter 8 Conclusion. CHAPTER 3 INCRESE OF VEHICLE POPULATION IN SRI LANKA 11. It is a known fact that the vehicle population of Sri Lanka was very minimal before 1980s and wonder whether a word called traffic congestion was heard at that time. However with the influx of the concepts of open economy to the country, the vehicle population was increased but at a moderate rate during 80s and 90s. So that the road network in the country, though not developed much, was sufficient to accommodate the transportation in the country without traffic congestion. But within the last decade the vehicle population of the country was expanded at a drastic rate and almost doubled within a period of eight years. The following statistics at Table 3.1  [1]  gives a clear picture of the vehicle population of the country and the composition of the same. 12. Table 3.2  [2]  shows the rate of increasing of vehicles in the country with the new registrations per year. From year 2002 onwards the new registrations per year exceeds 200,000. In this context what we have to identify is whether the road network has been expanded comparatively to accommodate this number of vehicles. 13. When it comes to Colombo city, it has been revealed that approximately 400,000 vehicles move in and out of Colombo daily basis, which is approximately 15% of the total vehicle population of the country. Though the road network of the main city of the country has been extensively expanded as well, the traffic congestion due to different contributing factors could not have been avoided. It has been come to light that following are the main contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo city and its suburbs. High volume of vehicle movements within the city. Not having a proper traffic plan in the city. Closure of certain roads for security reasons. Bad driving habits of drivers violating traffic rules. Improper parking habits of drivers interrupting smooth vehicle movements due to non availability sufficient parking facilities. Poor traffic controlling duties of traffic police officials. Use of old vehicles not road worthy. Increase of vehicle accidents due to high volume of vehicle movements blocking the smooth vehicle movements. CHAPTER 4 REASONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN COLOMBO 14. Colombo City is the most populated city in Sri Lanka and the living standards of the people living in Colombo is comparatively high resulting a considerable number of people out of those living in Colombo are in possession of a kind of personal vehicles. Further a huge number of people moves in and out of the Colombo city daily basis making the number of vehicles moving in and out on daily basis is very high. As per the statistics available at Traffic Branch of the Police Department, approximately 400,000 vehicles of different categories move in Colombo city daily. 15. Due to this large number of vehicles moving in and out of the Colombo city the average number of accidents reported within the Colombo city is 200 out of which 6 are fatal. It is important to have an idea of the general perception towards the contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. GENERAL PUBLIC PERCEPTION 16. Based on the outcome of the ideas obtained from a cross section of drivers and non-drivers operating in Colombo city through a distribution of a questionnaire attached as Annex A, the following factors were revealed out of which some are identified as the contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. Chart 4.1 Possession of valid driving license 17. It was revealed through a distribution of questionnaires among 50 personnel driving different types of vehicles in Colombo city area only 80% are with valid driving license whilst others drive different categories of vehicles without driving or riding license as elaborated in Chart 4.1. Chart 4.2 Knowledge on Traffic Rules 18. Percentage of the personnel who are driving vehicles and having an average knowledge on traffic rules and regulations is 60% whilst both the categories of those with very good knowledge and poor stands at 20% each as displayed in Chart 4.2. Chart 4.3 Adherence of Traffic Rules 19. Adherence to traffic rules plays a major role in the context of traffic congestion of any where on the road so do at the Colombo city area and the composition of the same with regard to Colombo city area is as per above Chart 4.3. As per the statistical data received in this regard only 5% of the personnel drive vehicles in Colombo city adhering 100% to the traffic rules and regulations. 70% adhere traffic rules but sometimes violating. 20% adhere traffic rules only when they feel it is required to do so whilst 5% adhere only when traffic police are expected or to be seen on the road. Chart 4.4 Ratio of Drivers met with Accidents whilst driving in Colombo The Chart 4.4 shows how rare we can find a person driving a kind of vehicle but not have met with an accident whist driving in Colombo. 80% of the drivers have met with some kind of traffic accident whilst driving in Colombo. It is important to identify the main reasons behind those accidents and Chart 4.5 elaborates the same. 30% have met with accidents due to the fact that they have not adhering to the traffic rules, at the time of meeting the accident whilst 50% have met with the accidents as a result of the violation of traffic rules by the another party. 15% have met with accident due to the congestion of traffic in Colombo, whilst only 5% due to some other reasons. Chart 4.5 Reasons for the Accidents in Colombo City 21. It is a known fact that use of mobile phones by the drivers whilst driving is one of the major reasons contributing for the traffic accidents so do for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. The research reveals as highlighted at Chart 4.6 that 80% personnel uses mobile phones whilst driving. It was also revealed that 10 % dont uses mobile phones whilst driving and the balance 10% uses mobile phones however after parking the vehicle by side of the road. Chart 4.6 Usage of Mobile Phones Whilst Driving 22. Parking vehicles at unauthorized places by side of the roads increase the traffic congestion in Colombo city very much. Reason for that type of illegal parking varies from person to person and the Chart 4.7 shows the percentage of drivers doing illegal parking whilst Chart 4.8 shows the reason for them to do so. Chart 4.7 Trend of Illegal Vehicle Parking Chart 4.8 Trend of Illegal Vehicle Parking 23. Driving vehicles in accordance to the stipulated speed limits is also a fact required to be adhered to in order to minimize the disturbance to the other vehicles and the commuters as well. The research reveals that, almost all the drivers are operating in Colombo violate the speed limits even in sometimes. Chart 4.9 Adhere to speed limits 24. The general perception of those who are driving a kind of vehicle in Colombo city, towards the reasons for the traffic congestion in Colombo city is emphasized in The Chart 4.10 Though the traffic congestion in Colombo city is a result of combination of different factors, the most contributing factor was identified as the unlawful driving habits of the drivers which stands at 60%. The next main factor which stands at 20% is the huge number of vehicles entering in to Colombo city. Chart 4.10 Reasons for traffic congestion TRAFFIC POLICE OFFICIALS PERCEPTION 25. Traffic Police officials performing traffic duties are one of the main resource personnel from whom an unbiased opinion towards the traffic congestion in Colombo city, could be obtained. A specifically designed questionnaire as at Annex B was distributed among 25 traffic police officials and the outcome of the same is as follows. 26. The very first question was to find whether they see or experience a traffic congestion in Colombo city for which the answer was 100% positive and all the police officials accept the excessive traffic congestion in Colombo. 27. The traffic police officials being the most competent personnel with their observations and experience to list out the factors contributing the traffic congestion in Colombo city were tasked to list out those factors according to the precedence and the outcome is as enumerated at Chart 5.11 Majority of them are in the view of that the bad driving habits of the drivers violating the traffic rules and regulations, come first cause for the present day traffic congestion in Colombo city . Chart 5.11 Reasons for Traffic Congestion as per the precedence 28. The order of precedence explained above at Paragraph 27 was further substantiated based on the factual details of the traffic police officials as shown below at Chart 5.12 The number of personnel getting caught to police net daily for violating traffic rules in Colombo city stands above all the other offenders. Those who are driving vehicles over speeding, though taken as a separate attribute, is again an unlawful driving habit violating the traffic rules. So that the percentage of those who are driving with unlawful driving habits and getting caught to police is 60%. Chart 5.12 Reasons for Traffic Congestion as per the precedence 29. Views of the traffic police officials were expected to find out the most viable solution to the traffic congestion in Colombo city. Though different opinions were found as shown at Chart 5.13, the most viable solutions for which 55% agreed to address this problem was to take stern disciplinary action against those offenders who violate the traffic rules and regulations. Chart 5.13 Reasons for Traffic Congestion as per the precedence CHAPTER 5 OBSERVATIONS MADE BY THE RESEARCHER 30. Further to the facts gathered through the distribution of questionnaires among general public, those who are driving vehicles in Colombo city areas, and the traffic police officials performing duties in Colombo area, the following facts were revealed through visual observations and sporadic interviews of the people hanging around in Colombo area. These were included with bus drivers, three wheel drivers, police officers, pedestrians; personnel using public transport etc. and the following observations were made. a. It was observed that the maximum number of vehicles move in Colombo city area during the following rush hours. 0730 hrs to 0900 hrs During this period the maximum numbers of vehicles moves in Colombo city creating a traffic congestion and the reason is the influx of people to Colombo for employments, businesses,and to attend schools etc 1330 hrs to 1430 hrs This is the time period during when schools are getting closed and a large number of vehicles move in the Colombo city for school services. Due to the fact that a considerable number of leading schools are located in Colombo city itself, the number of light vehicles operating for school services is extremely high resulting the traffic congestion. 1630 hrs to 1830 hrs Soon after the office hours the outward vehicle movements from the Colombo city are very high similar to the morning session creating a traffic congestion. b. The competition of the bus drivers makes havocs in the smooth flow of vehicle movements in Colombo city. Though the buses as well as the other heavy vehicles are to drive in the leftmost lane it is being practiced only for stopping the busses at bus halts to board or alight the passengers. Almost all the bus drivers make their fullest effort to disturb the other buses to make a big catch of passengers which in turn disturb all the vehicles on the roads creating traffic congestions. However not a single bus driver is ready to accept that they are experimenting unlawful driving habits violating the traffic rules. c. Habitual violation of traffic rules by the three wheel drivers are one of the main contributing factors for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. The number of three wheelers in Colombo city is extremely high. Easy maneuverability of three wheelers is being used by most of the drivers to get an extra advantage of reaching their destinations as quickly as possible however violating all the kinds of traffic rules. They do not bother about the difficulties faced by the other motorists and drivers due to their unethical driving patterns ultimately creating unnecessary traffic congestions. d. Parking vehicles by sides of the roads blocking the other free vehicle movement is also a contributing factor for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. Sometimes may be due to the non availability of parking facilities, drivers are used to park the vehicles by side of the roads disturbing the other vehicles. e. Role of the pedestrians too contributes much for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. The extremely poor road discipline of the pedestrians creates unnecessary disturbance to the smooth movement of vehicles. Even at the places where overhead or underground pedestrian crossings are there, most of the pedestrians do not and reluctant to use those facilities but used to cross the road at the shortest way which ends up not only with traffic congestions but also accidents with fatalities. f. Less attention of most of the motorists towards the disturbances for the other vehicles due to the way they are driving also contributes for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. The classic example in this context is the use of mobile phones whilst driving creating unnecessary disturbance for the other vehicles whilst not being aware of it. CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF DATA 31. When the data collected through the systematical interviews, visual observations and distribution of questionnaires were analyzed, it was proven that the following contributory factors have resulted that the traffic congestion in Colombo city and suburbs. High volume of vehicle movements within the city. Not having a proper traffic plan in the city. Closure of certain roads for security reasons. Bad driving habits of drivers violating traffic rules. Improper parking habits of drivers interrupting smooth vehicle movements due to non availability of sufficient parking facilities. Poor traffic controlling duties of traffic police officials. Use of old vehicles not road worthy. Increase of vehicle accidents due to high volume of vehicle movements blocking the smooth vehicle movements. Bad road discipline of pedestrians. 32. The high volume of vehicles of approximately 400,000 are operating in Colombo city daily is undoubtedly is one of the main reasons for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. Number of accidents, as mach as 200 per day consolidates this fact further. But the number of vehicles alone wouldnt have created this much of traffic congestion in Colombo city unless the other contributing factors have popped up as a result of the high volume of the vehicles. All the endeavors have been taken to reduce the effects caused by the other factors such as reducing the violation of traffic rules, unauthorized parking etc. Since those factors play a major role than the volume of the vehicles. 33. As enumerated and hypothesized throughout the research, the unlawful driving habits of majority of the drivers operating in Colombo city are analyzed as the main contributing factor for the traffic congestion in Colombo city. When the number of vehicles are high and certain motorists are in a hurry tend to violate traffic rules and regulations and to reach their destinations as soon as possible ultimately creating traffic jams and blocks at the roads. The competition and the habitually unlawful driving practices of the bus drivers and three wheel drivers contributes this aspect at large. This research hypothesis is further consolidated by the statistical details obtained through the distribution of questionnaire with a percentage of 60% of general public and traffic police officials in the view that the unlawful driving habits of the driver causes traffic congestion in Colombo. 34. Though there are rules and regulations to bring the offenders at the roads before the courts and to be tried, it is not being practice to a satisfactory level. Though the traffic police officials reiterated that the traffic congestion in Colombo city is mainly due to the unlawful driving habits of the drivers, the actions they have taken to address this problem is not visible. The avenues available for the offenders to get themselves free from the traffic violations even after getting caught to traffic police officials are at a large but undisclosed by both parties. CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATION 35. Based on the factual details obtained through systematical means and the research analysis, it is evident that the fact of unlawful driving habits of the drivers is to be addressed timely to reduce the traffic congestion in Colombo city and its suburbs at first whilst addressing the rest of the contributing factors gradually. The following actions are recommended to be initiated in this connection. a. Traffic laws, rules and regulations are to be revised and to be incorporated with stern disciplinary action against the violation of traffic rules. b. The traffic police officials as the law enforcing authority should be trained and handled in a more discipline way than as at present to be firm when performing their duties. Internal monitoring systems within the traffic police department are to be established and stern disciplinary action to be taken against those corrupted police officials not carrying out their duties properly. c. A value to be added to the driving license from the time of issuing and it is to be ensured that only the competent and disciplined applicants are issued with driving license. In case of any kind of intentional violation of traffic rule the relevant diving license holder is to be kept under supervision for a standard period of time preferably one year and if found again for intentional violation the driving license is to be terminated. So that, no body will take the risk of getting their driving license terminated. d. Parking facilities in the Colombo district to be expanded and then those who are parking vehicles at unauthorized places to be dealt accordingly. e. Specific rules and regulations for the maintenance of discipline of bus drivers and three wheel drivers are to be brought in to force. f. CCTV monitoring systems to be installed within the Colombo city to trace the drivers violating traffic rules and the police officials not carrying out their duties properly. g. Island wide educational programs to be conducted to bring a behavioral change of the people driving any kind of vehicle in Sri Lanka to be disciplined at the roads and to respect the others. h. Quality of the public transport services are to be increased to motivate the people to use public transport than their private vehicles when coming in to Colombo city which will reduce the influx of light vehicles that contributes much for the traffic congestion in the city. i. Informing motorist about road accidents, traffic congestion and road conditions by traffic radio station which will help motorists to avoid traffic congestion. Helicopters can be use to moniter traffic.  [3]   CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 36. It is a known fact that the difficulties faced by the general public, the traffic police officials and the wastage of national resources due to the traffic congestion in Colombo city is utmost and unaccountable. So this is a national issue required to be addressed within the least possible delay without being waiting till the problem get aggravated. As hypothesized the main fact behind the traffic congestion in Colombo city and also in suburbs is the unlawful driving habits of the vehicle users whilst few other factors contribute to increase the problem. As identified and analyzed during the research it is important to address the main factor which is unlawful driving habits of the drivers as the initial step whilst addressing the others thereafter. 37. The outcome of this endeavor to reduce the traffic congestion in Colombo city limits and its suburbs will be an example to address the similar type of traffic congestions in other main cities in Sri Lanka as well. These types of problems cannot be addressed without the support of the general public as well as the officials who are tasked to perform duties in that respect. However with the enforcement of new law and systematical programs to make the driving community more disciplined the traffic congestion of the Colombo would be gradually reduced which will be beneficial for all the people living in this country since this is a problem pertaining to the main business and industrial city of Sri Lanka.

The Emperor Jones :: Emperor Jones Essays

The Emperor Jones    In Eugene O'Neil's play, The Emperor Jones, he presents a crucial lesson to mankind: one should not pretend to be someone who he is not. Multiple repercussions may occur to someone who denies their background and race. For example, in The Emperor Jones, the character, Brutus Jones, dissembles as a free white man (Jones was really black and was supposed to be in slavery during that time). Because of Jones' denial, he encounters numerous illusions in the forest of his black heritage, which haunt him until he is finally killed by his natives, under the accusation of an insurgence against his people. O'Neil introduces the theme of denial bluntly. In the opening scene of the play, it is clear to the audience, from a nineteenth century perspective, that Brutus Jones' physical features oppose his personal opinion of his individual status. Jones, a colored man, was expected to be a slave during the eighteen hundreds. Ironically, Jones proudly claims to be a white man and is portrayed as a po werful man in this first scene. After O'Neil presents his theme of denial, he supplies following scenes with the consequences of illusions, displaying his true lineage. One apparition Jones encounters is a gang of Negroes chained, working on the road supervised by a white man. The anticipation of the audience is that Jones will assist the white man with managing the slaves. Instead, Jones is ordered to work; subconsciously, he proceeds to the slave work with his fellow natives. Jones finally realizes his actions and shoots the apparition, which immediately disappears. Jones experiences a similar illusion later of chained blacks, sitting in rows, wailing, awaiting their slavery. Intuitively, Jones joins their rhythm and swaying and his cry rises louder than the others. This illusion leaves on its own and Jones advances through the forest. These two apparitions demonstrate that inside, Jones really understands that he is colored, but he cannot admit it. The next two of Jones' illusion s display that the other people realize that Jones is black which aggravates him even more. First Jones confronts a slave auction. He spectates until he realizes that it is he, who is being auctioned. As a result, Jones loses control and goes wild. Finally, Jones witnesses a religious sacrifice, one similar to his native religious. It is not until Jones realizes that the witch doctor is offering him as a sacrifice, to be eaten by the crocodile, that Jones loses control once again.

Creative writing: Mines

It had been war but on Saturday morning the war had stopped and the beach down the road stretched enticingly in a gleam and glister of sand and gleaming sea. Deep holes in which the men and women of war had hid in for protection from gunfire and dropping bombs. It now laid silent sound of waves lapping the shore. I was eleven and old enough to be aloud out where ever I wanted to go with my friends. Sean, Nick and I stood in our sandals with our eyes gazing at this watery paradise when to my fury I realized that my eight year old sister Sam had tagged along â€Å"Go away† I shouted † You are not old enough to go out with me† She looked smug â€Å"Dad's gone into town and mum has left us so you have to look after me remember!† I glared at her and pulled a face of pure sisterly hatred but Sean shrugged and said, â€Å"Are we going to the beach or what?† To tell the truth in the first place we were scared to go on the beach even before Sam had showed up in all of her curvaceous glory. It wasn't the fact that the whole beach had signs around it saying, â€Å"beware of mines keep out!† But no one had exactly told us we weren't aloud to go for a swim. In one way or another we did not want our parents to no that we had gone down to the beach for a swim but it was the fact that there was no fence there to keep us out from the gorges archers of sand and miles of sea. I glanced at Sam again â€Å"Go away† I shouted â€Å"Never† â€Å"Well don't blame me if you get hurt!† After that we all ran throw off our sandals and jumped into the cool refreshing sea. We surfed the giant crashing waves out to sea leaving Sam sitting alone on the beach. We wondered around the rocky floor of the cliffs and rock pools. We climbed up the cliffs, leaving a trail of falling rocks and mud we dumped off of the cliffs in to the sea and through stones at pesky Seagulls, We sat in rock pools and ate stale bread and drank bad water left over from the war. Sam's upset little face made us all feel a little bad inside. We dared each other to climb over the most dangerous rocks and into some of biggest rock pools that you could have ever seen. We also dared each other to look inside the pockets of the dead soldiers that lay scattered and dead all over the rocks from men desperately trying to climb the giant cliffs to safety. Soaked and covered with sand we began to head towards home. I than heard something that I will remember for the rest of my life I heard a giant explosion and me and my friends were knocked clean of are feet as we got up I felt a lot of pain I had bits of shrapnel shot into my legs and arms and stomach. Than Sean shouted â€Å"where's Sam† â€Å"I don't know† I replied â€Å"She's your sister go and find her† Than I heard her screaming for help. I was terrified I could not see anything there was too much smoke and dust from the explosion. Than I saw it a trail of blood in the sand and only half my sister Sam, laying there she had lost half of 1 leg and the whole of the other leg. She was screaming to me â€Å"help help oh please help† I shouted for help and only Sean had come because Nick had ran home in pain from the bomb. When Sean came we both had to pick her up Sean was also in a lot of pain from the mine Because he had broken his hand on the way down to the from the explosion we both pulled her up and carried her all the way home struggling trying to keep the blood from gushing from her legs. By this time she had fallen unconscious we didn't know if she was dead or not all that mattered to me was getting her to the hospital that had been set up during the war for injured soldiers. We finally got her there and there and the took her inside right away into another room we tried to follow but we were stopped and taken into an office to be treated ourselves. Than two hours later my dad showed up he was pale and looked sick. He saw me and sat down and started to talk to me † Your sister was very badly injured in the explosion† he said quietly † I know,† I said â€Å"Well she didn't make it she bleed to death in surgery† He said very sadly â€Å"I want you to show me were it happened and tell me everything† he said very sternly My mouth was dry I couldn't say a word I was to upset about the loss of my sister I just said very gently â€Å"ok† I took him down to the beach and showed him were it had happened and told him everything that we did that day leaving out some of the stuff that he would have told me off about like playing with the left over guns. He saw the blood and one of her legs with half of the mine wedged into it. His face turned wight and turned away from it and started to walk home.